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Distributed Systems

At-least-once delivery, outbox pattern, consumer idempotency.

CAP Theorem

In network partitions, choose between consistency and availability. Most web services choose availability with eventual consistency.

Saga Pattern

For distributed transactions across services, use compensating transactions instead of 2PC.

Circuit Breakers

Fail fast when downstream services are unhealthy. Prevents cascade failures.

Retry with Backoff

Exponential backoff with jitter for transient failures. Cap max retries.

Observability

Distributed tracing (OpenTelemetry) is essential. Every request needs a trace ID propagated across services.